On September 11, 2001, members of the terrorist group al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes in the United States. Two planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing both towers to collapse. A third struck the Pentagon, and the fourth, United Flight 93, crashed in Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to retake control. Nearly 3,000 people were killed, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in history. The attacks reshaped U.S. foreign and domestic policy, leading to the War on Terror and wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Nine African American students, known as the 'Little Rock Nine,' enrolled at the previously all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, testing the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. Facing violent mobs and resistance from state officials, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops from the 101st Airborne Division to escort the students into the school. The event became a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement, symbolizing the struggle to enforce desegregation in the United States.

A U.S. U-2 spy plane flying over Cuba photographed Soviet nuclear missile sites under construction, sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis. Over the next 13 days, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war as the United States demanded the removal of the missiles and imposed a naval blockade of Cuba. The crisis ended when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba and the secret removal of American missiles from Turkey. It remains the closest the world has come to full-scale nuclear conflict.

On October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, the U.S. stock market suffered a catastrophic collapse as panicked investors sold off millions of shares. Billions of dollars were lost in a single day, devastating banks, businesses, and individuals. The crash was a key trigger of the Great Depression, a global economic crisis that lasted through the 1930s, causing mass unemployment, poverty, and significant political and social upheaval worldwide.

The Volstead Act took effect, enforcing the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and banning the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. While intended to reduce crime and improve public morality, Prohibition instead fueled the rise of organized crime, speakeasies, and bootlegging. The policy proved widely unpopular and difficult to enforce, leading to its repeal in 1933 with the 21st Amendment.

Italian explorer Christopher Columbus, sailing under the Spanish crown, made landfall in the Bahamas during his first voyage across the Atlantic. His arrival marked the first lasting contact between Europe and the Americas, initiating centuries of exploration, colonization, and cultural exchange known as the Columbian Exchange. While celebrated for opening the New World to Europe, Columbus’s voyages also led to the displacement, conquest, and suffering of Indigenous peoples across the Americas.

President John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated while riding in an open motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. He was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, though conspiracy theories about the assassination have persisted for decades. Kennedy’s death shocked the world, abruptly ending a presidency marked by Cold War crises and civil rights struggles, and it brought Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson into office.

After weeks of mounting protests and political pressure in East Germany, the government announced new travel freedoms, prompting thousands of East Berliners to flood checkpoints and cross freely into West Berlin. Jubilant crowds began dismantling the Berlin Wall, a powerful symbol of the Cold War that had divided the city since 1961. Its fall paved the way for German reunification and symbolized the collapse of communist regimes across Eastern Europe.

Barack Obama, a senator from Illinois, was elected the 44th President of the United States, defeating Republican candidate John McCain. His victory made him the first African American to be elected president, a historic milestone in U.S. history. Obama’s campaign, built on themes of 'hope' and 'change,' drew record voter turnout and energized younger generations, signaling a new era in American politics.

Aboard the ship Mayflower, anchored off Cape Cod, 41 Pilgrim men signed the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document created in the New World. Drafted to maintain unity and order among settlers, it established a form of self-government based on majority rule. The compact laid a foundation for later colonial governments and is considered a key step in the development of American democracy.

Japanese forces launched a surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, killing more than 2,400 Americans, sinking or damaging much of the Pacific Fleet, and destroying aircraft. The attack shocked the nation and led the United States to formally enter World War II the following day. It marked a turning point in global conflict as America shifted from neutrality to full-scale war against Japan and Germany.

On Christmas Day, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation, formally ending the existence of the Soviet Union after 69 years. The red Soviet flag was lowered for the last time over the Kremlin, and the fifteen former republics became independent nations. The collapse ended the Cold War, reshaped international politics, and left the United States as the world’s sole superpower.

In Montgomery, Alabama, seamstress and civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus. Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a year-long mass protest led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others that successfully ended bus segregation. Parks’s quiet act of defiance became one of the most important symbols of the Civil Rights Movement.

In protest of the Tea Act, which allowed Britain’s East India Company to sell tea at reduced rates while still taxing the colonies, American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded British ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the water. The act of defiance escalated tensions with Britain, leading to harsh retaliatory laws and fueling revolutionary sentiment that culminated in the American Revolution.

Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the first successful powered, controlled, and sustained airplane flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Orville piloted the aircraft for 12 seconds over 120 feet. Their breakthrough revolutionized transportation and laid the foundation for modern aviation, ushering in a new era of global mobility and technological advancement.

Pan Am Flight 103, traveling from London to New York, was destroyed by a terrorist bomb over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 people aboard and 11 on the ground. The attack, carried out by Libyan operatives, was one of the deadliest acts of aviation terrorism in history. It reshaped international security measures, fueled years of investigations and trials, and highlighted the global threat of state-sponsored terrorism.